THE GOAD'S GUIDE: FIRE INSURANCE PLANS IN CANADA

COLLECTIONS & COPYRIGHT

Only a small portion of fire insurance plan collections are currently available online so it takes some legwork to track down every available edition that covers a given property. Once located, researchers will most likely want to obtain reproductions of the hardcopy originals which means navigating the wide variety of copyright policies used by collection holders.

Hardcopies

Collection Catalogue

The authoritative list of fire insurance plans (and city atlases) published in Canada is the Catalogue of Canadian Fire Insurance Plans 1875-1975 issued in 2002 .

[1]

Authors Lorraine Dubreuill and Cheryl A. Woods meticulously recorded details of surviving hardcopies they found in 122 public collections across the country and at the British Library. Plans created by Charles Goad and the Chas. E. Goad Company were also cross-referenced against Goad’s original business records which are the only evidence of many editions that no longer exist[1].

For each map, the catalogue provides the date of original publication and applicable revision along with drawing scale, number of sheets and, most importantly, location of the surviving copies.

excerpt from Catalaogue of Canadian Fire Insurance Plans

Sample catalogue listing (with incorrect description of plans as "atlas").

The format used for each entry is fairly straightforward but a couple of headings can use some explanation:

“LEDGER” indicates the number of copies originally printed per the Goad Company ledgers
“HELD AT” usually indicates the institutions that have a copy of the plan represented by abbreviations defined in the catalogue's introduction. If there is a number in parentheses following the institution’s abbreviation then the copy they hold is incomplete and they only posses the number of sheets indicated. If this field is left blank, or contains codes not included in the list of abbreviations, such as “Doc1”, “RB1” or “C#42”, then are no surviving copies

Sample catalogue listing of verso sheets.

Part of this catalogue’s tremendous value to researchers is its inclusion of surviving “verso” sheets. These sheets are the outcome of publishers’ efforts to reduce costs by printing new plans on the reverse of unused copies of older editions. In many instances where no complete copy of the older plan exists, these verso copies are the sole surviving version.

Also helpful is the catalogue’s inclusion of unused revision slip transfer sheets held by some institutions. Both types of sheets are occasionally available only in black and white which suggests that publishers held off on the laborious task of hand-stencilled colouring until demand for the pages required it.

What’s not particularly useful is the catalogue’s (semi) chronological filing of entries by place rather than volume. This is fine for single-volume towns but not for urban centres that had multiple volumes published and revised independently of each other over many years. In such cases, researchers interested in just one volume are forced to search out its various iterations by scanning through dozens of unrelated entries. (In the case of the Toronto, there are 20 pages of listings covering its 22 different volumes which is why we’ve created volume-based indexes in the TORONTO PLANS & ATLASES section.)

Also unhelpful is the inaccuracy of much of the information, at least when it comes to the Toronto volumes. These entries contain numerous incorrect edition dates and sheet numbering as well as outdated repository information, often stating that copies are held by institutions which don't actually own them.

Unfortunately, the catalogue has not been digitized and physical copies are hard to come by. If you don’t have easy access to a copy in your town, you can view a scan of the catalogue's place index which lists the 1,600+ locations covered by the book. If the community you’re researching is included in that list, then you can contact Hogtown House Histories for a copy of the related entries.

Repositories

Depending on where you live, visiting the institutions that hold copies of the actual plans may also be a challenge. In these cases, find out if the related libraries or archives offer paid reproduction services (which may be limited to editions considered out of copyright) or have a list of local researchers that can photograph the maps for you.

The following three repositories are of particular value to any serious researcher.

Library and Archives Canada

Canada's national archive has digitized most of their extensive collection of plans published by Charles Goad and the Chas. E. Goad company but they keep a tight lid on their original plans authored by Underwriters' Survey Bureau, Canadian Underwriters' Association, Western Canada Fire Underwriters' Association and British Columbia Underwriters' Association due to copyright claims by the successor to these organizations.

In fact, these post-1917 plans aren't even listed in their database, nor are instructions for accessing them. Researchers are expected to refer to the Catalogue of Canadian Fire Insurance Plans (assuming they're aware of its existence) to determine which editions of a desired plan are available then submit a request to obtain the corresponding reference numbers in order to then request a copy for viewing or scanning. If viewing, you will only be allowed to see black and white microfiche copies. If photographing, you will be required to obtain permission from the current copyright claimant who may or may not respond to your request[2].

Western University Map and Data Centre

Next to the LAC, the largest repository of plans is probably Western University's Map and Data Centre at the D. B. Weldon Library thanks to its past association with Edward Phelps, Canada's most prolific private collector of fire insurance plans. While their general holdings are largely limited to plans dated after 1950, their Ontario plans span the entire publication history for that province.

British Library

The origin of this overseas collection of Canadian plans lies in an 1842 British copyright law requiring one copy of all works published in the British Empire to be deposited at the British Museum. Canadian publishers were initially lax in following the law, focussing instead on their country’s own requirement to provide two copies to the Copyright Office in Ottawa which was administered by the Minister of Agriculture. That Office would then file one print in the Library of Parliament and retain the other for itself. In 1895 Canada's Copyright Act was amended to require a third copy be deposited in the British Museum, a provision that remained in force until 1925.

[2]

copyright notice from early fire insurance plan

Original copyright notice from 1880 plan.

It appears that Goad’s general practice was to amass a number of plans, bind them together cheaply, and then file for copyright on the collection as a single book. This way, rather than pay multiple individual copyright fees, Goad would only pay one fee for thirty or forty bound items. Goad’s attempt to circumvent the copyright fees probably explains why some plan revisions were not forwarded to the British Museum. Furthermore, Goad did not register the individual revision slips that were pasted onto original editions, only the pages that were revised and reprinted in their entirety.

The British Museum transferred Goad's books to the British Library’s Map Library in the 1920s at which point the staff undertook the task of separating and cataloguing of the plans. Meanwhile, the official collections of early copyright materials held in Canada were obliterated. A fire in the Parliament Buildings in 1916 and in the Library of Parliament in 1953 destroyed many of the works deposited there and many more were lost in temporary storage before the remainder were sent to the National Library - now Library and Archives Canada - where they are presently stored. Around the same time, the vast majority of the deposits in the Copyright Office were deliberately destroyed when the bureau moved to smaller premises in the 1930s and determined the copies to be of no value. As a result, the British Library collection contains more Goad plans for the period 1895 to 1917 than does Canada's national archives.

Toronto plans laid out on a desk at the British Library

Toronto plans at the British Library.

The good news is that the British Library collection is available as colour microfiche from Library and Archives Canada although, like their secret cache of post-1917 hardcopies, this collection isn't mentioned anywhere on the LAC site. Even better, it's possible to purchase reproductions of these microfiche. Orders can be placed by providing the following information in the online order form fields:

Title: name of locality and province
Reference Number: year, sheet number(s)
Additional information: indicate that you want microfiche of the British Library collection and whether your prefer colour or black & white

Online Copies

Once you've determined which institutions hold copies of a desired plan, check their website to see if any editions have been digitized for easy access by researchers. If so, the selection will likely be limited due to either a lack of resources or concern about copyright infringement for editions less than 90 years old. (More on that below.)

For Ontario researchers, the Hogtown Fire Insurance Plan Collection offers digitized versions of rare plans that are unavailable from other online sources.

Microform Copies

While microfilm and microfiche provide low-quality greyscale replicas of original hardcopies, they are unfortunately sometimes the only options that are available nearby. Check with your local library, history museum or municipal archives.

screen capture of Verisk Enviroscan portal

For researchers with more money than time, digitized photocopies of fire insurance plans can be purchased from Enviroscan which is operated by Verisk, the most recent successor to the the Chas E. Goad Company, Underwriters' Survey Bureau, Canadian Underwriters' Association, Western Canada Fire Underwriters' Association and British Columbia Underwriters' Association.

As of 2026, the cost is $50 to research which plans and editions apply to your address and which specific sheets within those plans cover the area within a 250 metre radius of the property. Purchasing the digitized sheets costs $110 per edition in Ontario and $125 in other provinces and payment is accepted by cheque or wire transfer.

Verisk Enviroscan

Collection Dating

The dating of fire insurance plan copies held by libraries and archives is driven by the year they were revised. The standard practice is to state the date of the original edition (or “base maps”) followed by the date of the revision if applicable. For example, the 1913 edition of the plan of Saskatoon was revised in 1917 and so the updated copy would be referenced as “1913 revised to 1917”.

However, collection holders sometimes make mistakes. In one example, the only available Canadian copy of the earliest volume covering downtown Toronto after 1889 was misdated as 1909 by Library and Archives Canada when it should have been 1917, and their error was repeated by the Catalogue of Canadian Fire Insurance Plans as well as the Toronto Reference Library which holds copies of LAC microfiches. As a result, it is likely that any researcher who has ever cited this volume provided their readers with a date eight years off the mark, a fairly significant oversight for a key period in the city's development. That's why it's best to confirm revision dates yourself using the information found in the CONTENT section.

Copyright & Reproduction

The successors to the publishers of Goad’s fire insurance plans have claimed that the copyright for these works is valid for 90 years after their creation. Furthermore, libraries, archives and museums (LAMs) are afforded special legal rights allowing them make a single copy of copywritten materials for a user provided it is for research only. Despite this, every LAM has their own policy on accessing and reproducing fire insurance plans and these policies vary widely.

The 1995 IAO-Archives of Ontario Agreement

When the Insurers' Advisory Organization ceased production of fire insurance plans in 1974 they saw little value in the old maps and consequently sold off their inventory. Ironically, increasing environmental regulation in the following decade lent new value to those plans. While it was fairly simple for the IAO to obtain reproductions from the LAMs that now possessed them, preventing potential paying customers from also obtaining free copies at these public repositories was another matter. Thus, the IAO asserted its claim to copyright in 1989.

In early 1993, the association sent letters to LAMs holding fire insurance plans to ask for their cooperation in preventing users from making reproductions for commercial purposes. Later letters were less cordial; a 1997 missive from the IAO’s lawyers threatened to “resort to any necessary legal action to prevent any organization or person from making copies of or making use of the IAO’s maps and plans without its permission.”

fire insurance plans laid out at the Archives of Ontario

Fire insurance plans at the Archives of Ontario.

After protracted discussions with various institutions, the association reached an agreement with the Archives of Ontario in 1995 wherein the IAO would not hold the Archives liable for improper use of the plans by users provided the Archives agree that:

the term of copyright in each plan would be 90 years after the most recent date on the plan
statements would be added to their plan inventory advising users to contact the IAO if they intended to use copies less than 90 years old for commercial purposes

This 90-year term was based on an assumption that the typical author of the plans was 40 years old at the time the work was created, that the author had lived to be 80 years old, and that 50 years had elapsed since the author’s death which was the duration mandated by Canadian copyright law at the time.

To assist other institutions negotiating with the IAO, the Archives of Ontario informed them of the arrangement and many have used it as a benchmark for their own reproduction policies. While this is a convenient approach it overlooks a fundamental flaw with the agreement: it has no legal basis. Jean Dryden, a leading expert on archival copyright[3], points out that Canada's Copyright Act determines the legal duration for copyright protection and no private agreement can override this. Furthermore, LAMs are afforded special rights regarding copywritten materials in that, subject to certain conditions, they are permitted to make a single copy for a user provided that the copy is for research or private study only and that researchers are informed that further uses may require the permission of the rights holder.

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Current Reproduction Policies

Over subsequent years, the IAO was succeeded by several organizations with each new owner making a point to remind plan repositories of their copyright claims. Despite the questionable legal grounds - no evidence of the authors' death dates has ever been provided to back up the claim - and the special exemptions allowed LAMs, fear of litigation has instilled what Dryden describes as a “chill” over many institutions that still persists three decades after the agreement was reached.

The advent of digitization in the intervening years has also muddied the water in terms of controlling the use of publicly available plans. While most LAMs have limited digitization to plans older than 90 years to be on the safe side, some have chosen to post online reproductions of editions dated as late as 1960. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the University of British Columbia Library has opted not to digitize any of their substantial collection stating, incorrectly, that “due to the copyright restrictions on fire insurance plans, we are not able to digitize or distribute fire insurance plans without the permission of the copyright holder.”[4]

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90-year copyright claim affixed to a 1965 plan.

[5]

Adding to the dissonance, Library and Archives Canada quietly established their own arrangement with the IAO's successor Opta in 2018. While their collection of plans by Charles Goad and Chas. E. Goad Company were acknowledged to be in the public domain, LAC agreed that all plans published by IAO predecessor associations were not be reproduced (or seemingly even publicized) for any purpose without permission from the current copyright claimant[5]. This was a significant setback for researchers as it negated the 1995 agreement to gradually release post-1917 plans into the public domain and instead ceded access to Canada's largest collection of these materials to the whims of the current claimant. Such a policy is a far cry from LAC's predecessor which proudly issued a catalogue of their nascent holdings to encourage their use by the Canadian public whose taxes made the collection possible.

LAC copyright notice for 1928 revision slips, materials considered in the public domain by the 1995 agreement by Opta's predecessor.

Current Copyright

Access to fire insurance plans faced another blow in December 2022 when a revision to the Copyright Act increased the term of copyright from 50 years after the life of the author to 70 years. Fortunately, works already out of copyright at the time were exempt from the change which means that publications by authors who died prior to 1973 remained in the public domain.

There is no indication that Opta, or its 2025 successor Veritext, have changed their claim in light of this revision. In fact, examples of digitized plans dated (much) less than 90 years old which are cited in Dryden's 2021 article remain online and accessible as of 2026, despite the claimants having had many years to follow through on their longstanding legal threats.

Should a library or archive require permission from the copyright holder to reproduce plans for private research, or if you are looking to use plans for commercial purposes, you will need to contact Matthew Thompson at matthew.thompson@verisk.com or 905-695-6676. Mr. Thompson will then decide whether or not your enquiry warrants a response[6].

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Notes

HARDCOPIES

[1] The book should not be confused with an earlier catalogue by the same authors called Canadian Fire Insurance Plans in Ontario Collections. That book was compiled using information supplied second hand by libraries and archives, much of which was later found to be erroneous and incomplete and was subsequently corrected in the 2002 catalogue.

[2] This procedure for requesting non-digitized copies was obtained through correspondence with Library and Archives Canada in June 2026. The policy of not allowing in-person researchers to view the original hardcopies was provided by an Ottawa-based researcher with extensive experience in accessing the Archives.

[3] See Dryden's 2021 "Copyright in Fire Insurance Plans" article in Archivaria for an extensive treatise on the topic which is the source of much of the information in this section. Available online at Archivaria.ca.

[4] Plans created prior to Charles Goad's death in 1910 are indisputably in the public domain as their copyright expired by 1960.

[5] In correspondence with Library and Archives Canada in June 2026, a Copyright Services representative explained that "We have had discussions with the current owner of the plans (OPTA) and have come to a reasonable arrangement with them . . . Some of LAC’s Fire Insurance Plans collection are no longer under copyright (All Charles E. Goad FIPs are considered in the public domain). For those fire insurance plans which are still under copyright to Opta (Canadian Underwriters' Association, Western Canada Fire Underwriters' Association, British Columbia Underwriters' Association, Underwriters' Survey Bureau Limited), we have specified that reproduction for any purpose is prohibited so researchers may request permission to Opta to reproduce an FIP. Please note that this statement also applies to any Opta plans where the copyright status remains unknown.” (Note that Opta was purchased by Verisk in March 2022 and the brand name was retired in January 2025.) This information was unknown to Dryden at the time and so is not addressed in her article.

[6] During the preparation of this Guide, I requested permission to reproduce four pages of plans held by Library and Archives Canada that fell outside of the 90-year term established by the IAO. Despite two months of follow up emails and voice messages, an answer was never provided.

Illustration Credits